Title

Author

Pg.

Acknowledgements

5

THE BALTIC - AN IMAGE

Matti Klinge

10

[MARE BALTICUM - CULTURAL CROSS-SWELLS]

Ulla Ehrensvärd

Baltic Sea - Inland Sea

12

Baltic geophysics and hydrography

15

Ancient boats

16

World as a globe

17

Mare Balticum, Sinus Codanus, Ostsæ

18

Wind-rose and compass

24

The Baltic - a Closed Sea.   Mare liberum - Mare clausum

26

Connections with Ancient Mediterranean lands

28

Mediterranean connections with the Baltic

29

Vikings on the Road to the East

31

Viking ships

32

Viking road to the East

35

The Varangian Sea in Arab cartography

37

Missionary work, trade and piracy

41

Black Heads

44

Hanseatic League and Teutonic Knights

48

Hansa cog

50

Hansa connections

52

Lübeck - Hanseatic Queen

56

Sailing directions and Island books

60

Baltic sailing routes of the Middle Ages

62

Fishing

68

Portolans

70

Projection of sea charts

82

Sounding

84

Carta Marina and Carta Gothica

85

Hulk

88

Pilotage

96

The oldest school of astronomy in the North

98

Goniometry and latitude

102

Sea marks

108

Harbour equipment

110

Dutch pioneers

112

Flute

116

Grain trade

123

Johan Månsson's Sea Book and Chart

124

Navigation skills in the Baltic

127

Baltic work-horses

131

The Gulf of Bothnia and the Staple Constraint

132

Tar trade

135

Mining products

139

Sweden and Denmark as rivals

140

Compass and magnetic phenomena

146

Sea Atlas of Gedda and von Rosenfeldt, 1695

148

Shipbuilding

156

[SPECULUM NAUTICUM - BALTIC MIRROR]

Pellervo Kokkonen

Speculum nauticum - birth of charting and early Baltic cartography

161

Longitude and measurement of time

164

Square-rigged ships

166

Coastal defence

174

Focus of charting shifts eastward

177

Galley

180

Farmer sailing ventures

184

Russia Charts the Baltic

188

Marine salvage and diving Operations

192

Manufacture of instruments

198

Measurement of speed

201

Canals

202

Sweden's charting developement projects and charting of archipelagoes

206

Mail conveyance

215

Private or public cartography?

216

Lighthouses

222

Timber

227

Winter conditions in the Baltic

228

Average winter maximum ice cover

231

State cartography becomes established

232

Merchant burghers' sailing ships

236

Steam vessels

244

[NAVIGATION, SHIPS, TRADE AND SEAFARING]

Juha Nurminen

[see above]

[APPENDIX]

Swedens's struggle for mastery of the Baltic

Ulla Ehrensvärd

248

Battles at sea

Erik Wihtol

250

Historie wrecks

Juhani Grönhagen

256

Index map for charts and maps

261

List of maps, charts and pictures

Nils-Erik Raurala

263

Bibliography

277

Index of persons

284